| Resistors | Passive Components | Limit current, divide voltages, and bias active devices. | Ohm, tolerance, biasing |
| Capacitors | Passive Components | Store and release energy. Commonly used for filtering and timing. | ESR, coupling, decoupling |
| Inductors | Passive Components | Store energy in magnetic fields; used in filters and converters. | magnetic field, impedance |
| Diodes | Active Components | Allow current in one direction. Used for rectification and protection. | reverse bias, breakdown voltage |
| Transistors | Active Components | Act as switches or amplifiers in nearly all electronics. | gain, switching, saturation |
| Integrated Circuits (ICs) | Active Components | Miniature circuits packaged together to perform complex functions. | pinout, datasheet, package type |
| Voltage Regulators | Power Components | Maintain a stable output voltage regardless of input or load. | regulation, dropout voltage, efficiency |
| Batteries | Power Components | Provide portable power using chemical energy. | capacity, discharge rate, cell |
| Temperature Sensors | Sensor Components | Measure ambient or object heat and output a signal. | NTC, analog, thermal |
| Motion Sensors (PIR) | Sensor Components | Detect infrared radiation to sense movement of people or animals. | infrared, PIR, detection |
| 7-Segment Displays | Display Components | Numeric LED displays made of 7 individual segments. | segment, digit |
| OLED Displays | Display Components | Flat-panel screens with self-emissive pixels for high contrast. | pixel, contrast |
| Relays | Electromechanical Components | Electromechanical switches controlled by low-voltage signals. | coil, contact, switch |
| Switches | Electromechanical Components | Manually operated devices to open or close circuits. | mechanical, momentary, latching |
| UART (Serial) | Communication Components | Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter for serial data exchange. | TX, RX, baud rate |
| RF Modules | Communication Components | Radio modules that enable wireless data communication. | antenna, ISM band, wireless |
| Header Pins | Connector Components | Single or double-row pins used to connect boards and modules. | male, female, pitch |
| Terminal Blocks | Connector Components | Modular blocks that connect wires together in power and control circuits. | clamp, wire gauge, block |
| Crystals | Timing Components | Provide precise frequency reference for clocks in digital systems. | oscillation, frequency, timing |
| Oscillators | Timing Components | Active timing components that output a stable clock signal. | clock, oscillator, frequency |
| Microcontrollers (MCUs) | Development Components | Programmable chips that control devices and process input/output. | MCU, firmware, GPIO |
| Dev Boards | Development Components | Breakout boards for prototyping with MCUs and sensors. | debugging, prototyping, headers |
| Fuses | Protection Components | Protect circuits by breaking the connection when too much current flows. | current, blow, protection |
| TVS Diodes | Protection Components | Clamp voltage spikes to protect sensitive components from transients. | clamp, spike, transient |
| EEPROM | Memory Components | Non-volatile memory that retains data even when power is lost. | non-volatile, write cycles, I2C |
| Flash Memory | Memory Components | Stores firmware and data; can be rewritten many times. | flash, firmware, block erase |
| Photodiodes | Optoelectronic Components | Semiconductors that convert light into current. | photo, current, detection |
| Optocouplers | Optoelectronic Components | Isolate circuits using light between input and output. | isolation, light, transistor |
| Transformers | Magnetic Components | Transfer energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction. | coil, induction, winding |
| Ferrite Beads | Magnetic Components | Suppress high-frequency noise in circuits. | EMI, filter, impedance |
| Level Shifters | Interface Components | Convert signal voltages between logic families. | logic level, translation, voltage |
| Digital Isolators | Interface Components | Use capacitive or magnetic coupling to isolate digital signals. | isolation, capacitive, signal |
| Motor Driver ICs | Specialized ICs | Control speed and direction of motors. | PWM, motor, H-bridge |
| Real-Time Clocks (RTC) | Specialized ICs | Track time and date even when power is off. | clock, time, battery |